Logo - The Possums baby and toddler sleep program.
parents home
librarybrowse all programsfind answers nowaudioprograms in audiogroup sessionsgroup sessions with dr pam
menu icon NDC Institute
possums for professionals
(the ndc institute)
menu icon eventsguest speakers
menu icon the sciencethe science behind possums/ndcmenu icon who we arewho we aremenu icon evidence basendc research publicationsmenu icon dr pam's booksdr pam's books
menu icon free resourcesfree resourcesmenu icon dr pam's blogdr pam's blog
menu icon consult with dr pamconsult with dr pammenu icon consult with dr pamfind a possums clinicmenu icon find a NDC accredited practitionerfind an ndc accredited practitioner
login-iconlogin

Welcome back!

Forgot password
get access
search

Search programs

PBL Advanced icon

PBL Advanced


  • Overview of fields in the life sciences relevant to clinical lactation care skills
  • NDC uses descriptive terms for anatomic features (instead of the surnames of famous men!)
  • Do certain (macroscopic) maternal anatomic variations cause breastfeeding difficulties?
  • The shape of a woman's breasts and nipple-areolar complex (her macroscopic anatomy) is located on a glorious spectrum of normal anatomic trait variation
  • The mammary gland is remarkably plastic due to mammary epithelial cells and their companion stem cells
  • The microscopic anatomy of lactating breasts is highly variable (within system constraints)
  • Breast stroma is a mechanically and hormonally sensitive microenvironment which facilitates mammary gland activity through wound-healing or inflammatory immune responses
  • Interstitial fluid and lymphatic drainage of the lactating breast

Next article

Sign up now
  • PBL Advanced
  • S3: Lactation-related mechanobiology, anatomy, physiology, milk composition, microbiomes
  • CH 3: The lactating mammary gland: spectrums of normal anatomic + functional diversity

NDC uses descriptive terms for anatomic features (instead of the surnames of famous men!)

Dr Pamela Douglas26th of Sep 20251st of Dec 2025

x

Men's names for a woman's body parts proliferate throughout the study of anatomy, and this has been true for anatomic names within the mammary gland, too. There is a trend to re-name the anatomy of the female body by function, rather than by men's names, recognising that sociocultural use of language impacts powerfully upon the way women relate to their own bodies.

This is why, when I'm discussing functional anatomy in the field of clinical breastfeeding and lactation support and breastfeeding medicine, I refer to anatomic features functionally, instead of by the names of (famous white!) men.

Here are three examples.

  • I use the descriptive term sebacious glands for the tubercles in the areola, instead of the older term, Montgomery's tubercles.

  • I use the descriptive term subareolar lymphatic plexus, which sits between the skin and the superficial fascia, instead of the older term Sappey's plexus.

  • I use the descriptive term fibrous connective tissue of the breast, rather than Cooper's ligaments, for the bands of structural connective tissue in the female breast.

You'll find the case for renaming by function in an excellent BBC blog here. I also link to an interesting discussion in the New York Times on the same topic here.

Finished

share this article

Next up in The lactating mammary gland: spectrums of normal anatomic + functional diversity

Do certain (macroscopic) maternal anatomic variations cause breastfeeding difficulties?

x

Some studies have linked certain (poorly defined) maternal anatomic variations with breastfeeding problems

Certain poorly defined anatomic variations have been shown in some preliminary studies to link with breastfeeding problems, including nipple pain.

  • A 2009 Iranian study showed that 50 newborns to mothers who presented with a flat nipple, inverted nipple, large breast and/or large nipple did not increase in mean weight (or had a mean decrease in weight) by day seven compared to 50 newborns whose mothers did not have these breast variations.

  • A 2013 Thai study showed that nipple lengths of less than 7 mm were less likely to…

Keep reading
logo‑possums

Possums in your inbox

Evidence-based insights, tips, and tools. Occasional updates.

For parents

parents homebrowse all programsfind answers nowprograms in audiogroup sessions with dr pam

For professionals

possums for professionals
(the ndc institute)
guest speakers

About

the science behind possums/ndcwho we arendc research publicationsdr pam’s books

More resources

free resourcesdr pam’s blog

Clinical consultation

consult with dr pamfind a possums clinicfind an ndc accredited practitioner

Help & support

contact usfaqour social enterpriseprivacy policyterms & conditions

Social

instagramlinked infacebook

Possums acknowledges the traditional owners of the lands upon which The Possums Programs have been created, the Yuggera and Turrbal Peoples. We acknowledge that First Nations have breastfed, slept with, and lovingly raised their children on Australian lands for at least 65,000 years, to become the oldest continuous living culture on Earth. Possums stands with the Uluru Statement from the Heart.